Jejak Pengaruh Kebijakan Politik Pan-Islamisme Sultan Abdul Hamid II (1876-1909 M) di Wilayah Terjajah Umat Muslim Dunia

Bahrudin Lazuardi; Iswan Karim; Muhammad Syamsul Munir

Authors

Bahrudin Lazuardi Prodi Ilmu Al-Quran dan Tafsir, Fakultas Ushuluddin, Universitas Darussalam Gontor, Indonesia
Iswan Karim Prodi Ilmu Al-Quran dan Tafsir, Fakultas Ushuluddin, Universitas Darussalam Gontor, Indonesia
Muhammad Syamsul Munir Prodi Ilmu Al-Quran dan Tafsir, Fakultas Ushuluddin, Universitas Darussalam Gontor, Indonesia

Keywords:

Pan-Islamism, Sultan Abdul Hamid II, Colonized Territories, Transformation of the Movement

Abstract

This study provides an in-depth analysis of the impact of Sultan Abdul Hamid II’s (1876–1909 CE) Pan-Islamist policies on the colonized Muslim world and their evolution into the contemporary era. There are four main points in this study, namely: 1) The background to the emergence of Pan-Islamist policies was the urgent domestic and foreign policy conditions facing the Ottoman Empire; 2) Conceptual differences regarding Pan-Islamism between Jamaluddin al-Afghani and Sultan Abdul Hamid II; 3) The process and tactical strategies for spreading the Pan-Islamism movement to the colonized territories; and 4) The traces of influence and the transformation of organizations born from this movement up to the present day. This study employs a comprehensive historical research method, encompassing the stages of data collection (heuristics), source criticism (verification), interpretation, and historiography.

The theories applied include the theory of asymmetric political influence to uncover the impact of Ottoman foreign policy, as well as the theory of historical continuity to analyze the bridge connecting past movements to the modern era. The research findings indicate that the Pan-Islamist policy, skillfully championed by Sultan Abdul Hamid II, succeeded in serving as an asymmetric weapon that secured the empire’s sovereignty while simultaneously igniting a massive transnational anti-colonial political consciousness in South Asia, the Dutch East Indies, North Africa, and Central Asia. Furthermore, this study demonstrates that the impact of these movements did not disappear after the collapse of the Ottoman Empire in 1924, but rather underwent a historical transformation that led to the establishment of various major organizations (such as the Khilafat Movement, Sarekat Islam, NU, Muhammadiyah, AUMA, and Jadidism), whose institutional and ideological legacies, as well as the spirit of their global humanitarian diplomacy, still endure and can be felt even in the modern era today.

References

Alizar, Meirison, dan Qasim Muhammadi. “Islamic Sharia and Non-Muslim Citizens in Kanunname During Sultan Abdul Hamid II of the Ottoman Empire.” Walisongo: Jurnal Penelitian Sosial Keagamaan 27, no. 1 (2019): 37–68. https://doi.org/10.21580/ws.27.1.3543.

Ansari, K. H. “Pan-Islam and the Making of the Early Indian Muslim Socialists.” Modern Asian Studies 20, no. 3 (1986): 509–37. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0026749X00007848.

Arbi Mulya Sirait. “Jamaluddin al-Afghani dan Karir Politiknya.” Jurnal Intelektual: Jurnal Pendidikan dan Studi Keislaman 10, no. 2 (2020): 167–82. https://doi.org/10.33367/ji.v10i2.1291.

Bistara, Raha. TEOLOGI MODERN DAN PAN-ISLAMISME: MENILIK GAGASAN PEMBAHARUAN ISLAM JAMALUDDIN AL-AFGHANI. 2, no. 1 (2021).

Hamsah, Muh Ilham Noer. Analysis Of Sultan Abdul Hamid Ii’s Pan-Islamism Policy Towards Asian And European Geopolitics In The 19th Century. t.t.

Hidayat, Fahri, dan Mujibur Rohman. MODERNISASI PENDIDIKAN ISLAM DI MINANGKABAU: STUDI TENTANG INTERAKSI DENGAN PAN-ISLAMISME (1909-1945). t.t.

Kurniawan, Ahmad Salman, Sri Suriana, dan Nurfitri Hadi. “PENGARUH PAN ISLAMISME BAGI KEKHILAFAHAN TURKI UTSMANI PADA MASA SULTAN ABDUL HAMID II.” Tanjak: Sejarah dan Peradaban Islam 2, no. 2 (1970): 181–204. https://doi.org/10.19109/tanjak.v2i2.12864.

Prayogi, Arditya. “Pan-Islamism and Response to the Collapse of Ottoman Turks in the Dutch East Indies.” Paramita: Historical Studies Journal 33, no. 1 (2023). https://doi.org/10.15294/paramita.v33i1.36343.

Rahmawati, Rizka Kusuma. Studi Historis Kebijakan Luar Negeri Sultan Abdul Hamid II di Daulah ‘Utsmaniyah (1876-1909 M). no. 1 (2017).

Ravico, Ravico, Endang Rochmiatun, Ira Miyarni Sustianingsih, Berlian Susetyo, dan Nuzulur Ramadhona. “Implementasi Heuristik dalam Penelitian Sejarah Bagi Mahasiswa.” Chronologia 4, no. 3 (2023): 118–28. https://doi.org/10.22236/jhe.v4i3.11089.

Rhamadani, Alfiani, dan Aprilia Triaristina. “PERAN TAMAN SISWA DALAM PEMBENTUKAN RASA NASIONALISME PADA MASA PERGERAKAN NASIONAL.” ISTORIA : Jurnal Pendidikan dan Ilmu Sejarah 19, no. 2 (2023). https://doi.org/10.21831/istoria.v19i1.53750.

Saputra, Andi. PAN-ISLAMISME DAN KEBANGKITAN ISLAM: REFLEKSI FILSAFAT SOSIAL-POLITIK JAMALUDDIN AL-AFGHANI. t.t.

Shahvar, Soli. “The Russo-Ottoman Struggle over the Support of the Muslims of Southern Caucasus in the 1890s.” British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies 52, no. 1 (2025): 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/13530194.2023.2223499.

Universitas Islam Negeri Kiai Haji Achmad Siddiq, Afifah Alawiyah, Muhammad Faiz, Universitas Islam Negeri Kiai Haji Achmad Siddiq, Muhammad Masruri, dan Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia. “Strategi Politik Pan-Islamisme Sultan Abdul Hamid II (1876-1909 M).” Advances in Humanities and Contemporary Studies 5, no. 2 (2024): 162–70. https://doi.org/10.30880/ahcs.2024.05.02.017.

Wahab, Fatkhul. PEMIKIRAN DAN GERAKAN PEMBAHARUAN POLITIK ISLAM JAMALUDDIN AL AFGHANI. 2022.